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Sent in from the nursing home to be evaluated for fever and a productive cough of 3 days' duration. The patient has dementia, hypertension, and diabetes. Medications include metformin HCl Glucophage ; , lisinopril Zestrik ; , and donepezil HCl Aricept ; . Three weeks ago she was prescribed antibiotics for a urinary tract infection, which she took for 5 days. Examination shows she is alert and not in acute distress. Findings include: blood pressure BP ; , 125 85 mm Hg; pulse, 90 beats min; respiratory rate, 24 min; oxygen saturation by pulse oximetry, 98% on room air; temperature, 38.5C. A complete blood cell count shows: hemoglobin, 12.1 g dL; leukocyte count, 13.5 x 109 L; platelet count, 350 x 109 L. Chest radiography reveals a new right lower-lobe infiltrate. What is the appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy for this patient? A. Ceftriaxone sodium Rocephin ; , 1 g intravenously IV ; daily B. Ceftriaxone, 1 g IV daily, plus azithromycin Zithromax ; , 500 mg IV daily C. Cefepime HCl Maxipime ; , 1 g IV every 12 hours, plus levofloxacin Levaquin ; , 750 mg IV daily.
Xeloda Xenical Tier 3, see therapeutic class 16.3 Xerac AC Tier 3, see therapeutic class 5.12 Xifaxan ql Tier 3, see therapeutic class 1.11.1 Xopenex Tier 3, see therapeutic class 13.3.3 Xylocaine + 28, 30 Xyrem Tier 3, # Y Yasmin . Yocon Tier 3, see therapeutic class 16.1 Yodefan Tier 3, see therapeutic class 15.3.2 Yodoxin Zaditor . Zagam ql Tier 3, see therapeutic class 1.5 Zalcitabine . Zanaflex + Zantac Syrup Zantryl Tier 3, see therapeutic class 4.5.4 Zarontin + Zaroxolyn + Zavesca ql Tier 3 Zegerid ql qd Tier 3 Zelnorm ql qd N Tier 3, see therapeutic class 8.3.3 Zerit . Zestoretic + Zes5ril + Zetia ql qd . Ziac + Ziagen Zidovudine + Zidovudine Capsule, Syrup Zidovudine Lamivudine . Zidovudine Lamivudine Abacavir Ziprasidone Zithromax 250, 500mg Suspension . Zithromax 250, 500, 600mg Tablet + Zocor ql qd . Zofran ql N . 19, 36 Zofran ODT ql N . 19, 36 Zolmitriptan ql qd Zolmitriptan Nasal Spray ql qd . Zoloft ql 50mg & 100mg tablets are scored for 1 2 tablet use ; . Zomig ql qd Zomig Nasal Spray ql qd . Zomig ZMT ql qd Zonalon Tier 3, see therapeutic class 5.12 Zonegran . Zonisamide . Zorprin Tier 3, see therapeutic class 3.3.2 OR 10.1.2 Zoto-HC Tier 3, see therapeutic class 6.2 Zovirax . 14, 29 Zovirax + 14, 29 Ztuss Expectorant Tier 3, see therapeutic class 13.2.1 Zyban ql + . Zydone Tier 3, see therapeutic class 3.1.2 Zyflo ql Tier 3, see therapeutic class 13.3.6 Zyloprim + Zymar Tier 3, see therapeutic class 12.9 Zyprexa.
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Tribune staff, Chicago Tribune Mar 15, 2006 Commonwealth Edison on Tuesday filed a plan with state regulators to limit increases in power bills after the state begins buying electricity by auction later this year. In its filing with the Illinois Commerce Commission, ComEd said it would limit the average residential percentage increase to no more than 8 percent, 7 percent and 6 percent in 2007, 2008 and 2009, respectively. The company is asking that the savings be repaid between 2010 and 2012. The proposal had previously been announced. The auction is expected to yield significantly higher electricity rates, and ComEd says it wants to ease the transition to more expensive power. "We have recognized that rate increases can be difficult for our customers, " said Frank Clark, chief executive of ComEd. ComEd said for a typical resident the plan would mean increases of about .30 a month in 2007, in 2008 and .60 in 2009. The Citizens Utility Board was unimpressed by ComEd's offer to cap rates. "The company is doing this public relations campaign attempting to snow the public on a huge rate increase at a time when the company is making money like [Frito Lay] makes Doritos, " said CUB General Counsel Rob Kelter.
The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure is available at: : nhlbi.nih.gov guidelines hypertension Guidelines for the evaluation and management of cardiovascular diseases in adults are available at: : acc : americanheart : hfsa ACE INHIBITORS Guidelines for the use of ACE inhibitors are available at: : acc : americanheart : diabetes : nhlbi.nih.gov guidelines hypertension benazepril captopril enalapril lisinopril lisinopril quinapril trandolapril ramipril ACE INHIBITOR CALCIUM CHANNEL BLOCKER COMBINATIONS amlodipine benazepril trandolapril verapamil ext-rel LOTENSIN CAPOTEN VASOTEC ZESTRIL PRINIVIL ACCUPRIL MAVIK ALTACE!
DRUG APPROVAL 21 days Zyvox 84 days itraconazole, Lamisil, Penlac, Sporanox 6 months Aranesp, Epogen, Procrit No expiration Provigil * No expiration Pulmozyme, TOBI 1 year All branded Enteral Formulas 1 year Bravelle, Follistim, Gonal-F, Lupron, Luveris, Menopur, Ovidrel, Pergonal, Profasi, Repronex Growth Hormone: Genotropin, Humatrope, Increlex, Norditropin, Nutropin AQ, 1 year Saizen, Serostim, Somavert * , Tev-tropin, Zorbtive * Prescribed by Endocrinologists only Hepatitis B: 1 year Baraclude, Epivir HBV, Hepsera Hepatitis C: Varies: Copegus, Infergen, PEG-Intron, Pegasys, Rebetol, Genotype-specific Rebetron, Ribavirin Irritable Bowel Syndrome: No expiration Amitiza * , Lotronex * , Zelnorm Osteoporosis 2 years Forteo Psoriasis: 1 year Enbrel, Raptiva Prescribed by Dermatologists only Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: 1 year Revatio, Tracleer Rheumatoid Arthritis: No expiration Enbrel, Humira, Kineret Prescribed by Rheumatologists & Dermatologists only Weight Management: 6 months Meridia, Xenical Recertification: Documentation of weight loss and continued enrollment in a weight management program is required Lupron, Zoladex when used for: Endometriosis 6 months Myoma 90 days Precocious puberty 1 year Prostate cancer No expiration Miscellaneous Actimmune * , Caduet * , Cymbalta * , Exjade * , Inspra * , Nexavar * , Ranexa * , Varies : Relenza * , Remodulin * , Revlimid * , Sutent * , Tarceva * , Xyrem * , Zavesca * * Please submit an exception form to request medication. THE FOLLOWING PRESCRIPTION DRUGS HAVE FIRST LINE STEP THERAPY CRITERIA APPLIED. Prior authorization is required if patient does not have a trial of a generic or cost-affective alternative in history. ACE Inhibitors: ACE Inhibitors Diuretic Combinations: Antibiotics: Antidepressants: Antihyperlipidemics: ARBs Combinations: Cox2 Inhibitors NSAIDs: Calcium Channel Blockers: Leukotriene Inhibitors: Proton Pump Inhibitors: Accupril, Aceon, Lotensin, Monopril, Prinivil, Univasc, Vasotec, Zestrill Accuretic, Capozide, Lotensin-HCTZ, Monopril-HCTZ, Prinzide, Uniretic, Vaseretic, Zestoretic Dynabac Celexa, Emsam, Lexapro, Paxil, Paxil CR, Prozac, Prozac Weekly, Sarafem, Zoloft Altoprev, Crestor, Lescol, Mevacor Cozaar, Hyzaar Celebrex, Branded NSAIDs: Arthrotec, Cataflam, Daypro, EC-Naprosyn, Lodine XL, Mobic, Naprelan, Oruvail, Ponstel, Relafen, Toradol, Voltaren XR Cardene SR, Dynacirc CR, Plendil, Sular Accolate Aciphex, omeprazole, Nexium, Prevacid, Prilosec, Protonix, Zegerid No expiration No expiration 2 weeks No expiration No expiration No expiration No expiration No expiration No expiration No expiration and trandate. HEREAS AIDS is largely a family disease, globally it has been treated in most cases, as an individual disease. For instance, the Infectious Diseases Institiute IDI ; has the Adult Infectious Diseases Clinic AIDC ; , which serves as the out-patient section of the national referral AIDS clinic of Mulago Hospital. The IDI also supports the Paediatric Infectious Diseases Clinic PIDC ; located in Upper Mulago, in conjunction with other partners such as the US Centers for Disease Control and Baylor University, Houston, Texas, USA. Members of one family individually walk to either of these clinics and receive care as individuals. Such an approach might lead to several problems like lack of disclosure to partners, fear of stigma and rejection, and the sharing of medication. It also leads to wastage of time and resources. Some families currently have a member visiting AIDC or PIDC almost every day: One day for a parent or grandparent, another day for a child.This becomes a huge drain on family time and resources. These challenges are likely to grow as the number of patients seeking HIV AIDS care increases. Due to the availability of ARVs, the patient load has gone up rapidly over the past half year. The average daily visits at AIDC increased from about 140 patients in November 2004 to 203 in April 2005. An average of 30 new patients were seen at AIDC daily. The paediatric clinic is experiencing similar growth. To address these challenges, discussions are going on at IDI and Mulago Hospital on the possibility of moving from individual to family-based care. There are three possible models: Giving basic training to family members and empowering them to supervise basic care Healthcare workers going to the homes of the clients to care for families People coming to the clinic as Father and son wait for care at a family. Instead of making sepa- the IDI, at Mulago Hospital. Inequalities in access to high-cost treatments. Indeed, access varies depending on the type of treatment rather than efficacy or cost-effectiveness of the treatments. MOH in a number of areas has stated that it will "give substantial weight to interventions for which there is strong scientific evidence of effectiveness". Despite an increasing body of good quality evidence that pulmonary vasodilator therapy is effective in this fatal disease most commonly seen in young people ; , the NZ health system via its agent PHARMAC refuses to consider funding from the pharmaceutical budget ; any effective therapy for the 90 + % who will not respond to calcium channel blockers. Current situation New Zealand Bosentan is registered in New Zealand for the treatment of PAH in idiopathic cases and in cases related to collagen vascular disease. PTAC have advised that funding would be appropriate but "low priority". As there are increasing numbers of requests for funding for pulmonary "vasodilator" therapy, the PHARMAC Community Exceptional Circumstances Committee has decided that demand means the use of these agents is "no longer exceptional" and will not accept requests for funding any of the effective agents discussed above. Thus, PHARMAC have financially ; abandoned these patients by offering no access to treatment from the pharmaceutical budget. However, individual patient's clinicians can make an application to the Hospital Exceptional Circumstances HEC ; Panel if they have agreement for funding of therapy from the relevant authority of the patient's local DHB hospital. Even if there is agreement by the DHB to fund therapy, the HEC have the right to refuse such funding as "inappropriate". The current situation is that applications for bosentan are being refused but it is being suggested that sildenafil might be appropriate to be funded. The rational offered by the HEC Committee10 for this suggestion is that there is concern over the toxicity of bosentan, though FDA and EDA have not been concerned to the and lasix. Figure 1. Forearm blood flow FBF ; responses to angiotensin I and II with regard to New York Heart Association class: I triangle ; , II square ; and III circle ; . * p 0.05. 8.11 * ZESTRIL 8.15 ZETIA ST ; 4.13 ZIAGEN 4.13 zidovudine azt ; 13.11 ziprasidone PA ; 4.7 * ZITHROMAX 17.1 zolendronic acid 5mg 100ml PA ; 13.15 * zaleplon 13.15 * zolpidem QL ; 12.4 ZONEGRAN 12.4 zonisamide 25.2 ZOVIRAX 4.12 * ZOVIRAX 27.1 * ZYBAN QL ; 13.12 ZYPREXA Q ; 1.2 * ZYRTEC OTC DISCLAIMER Please be sure a prescription drug benefit is part of your specific coverage before consulting this list. Coverage for some drugs may be limited to specific dosage forms and or strengths. Your benefit design determines what is covered for you and what your copayment will be. Please refer to your benefit materials for your specific coverage information. The medications listed on these formularies are subject to change without notice, pursuant to the formulary management activities of Presbyterian Health Plan. The presence of a medication on these formularies does not guarantee that a Presbyterian Health Plan Member will be entitled to receive a particular drug or will be prescribed a particular drug by his or her primary care physician or contracting provider for a particular medical condition. These medications may be subject to Pharmacy Exceptions. Explanation of indicators You will see these indicators next to some drug names: 1. Pharmacy Exceptions PA ; - Any medication that is on the formulary but requires a medical exception request from the physician. The physician can submit the request via fax, phone or regular mail. If the patient meets established criteria for approval, then the medication will be covered. 2. Step Edit ST ; - Applies to indicated medications that are available to patients if they meet established criteria. Step edits increase accessibility to medications that would otherwise require a medical exception request. Online coverage of the medication at the pharmacy requires the patient to have a prescription history of established formulary agents or agents determined to indicate a medical necessity for the requested medication. If the patient does not meet these criteria or if the medication is otherwise medically necessary, providers can request the medication by submitting a medical exception form to PHP. If the request is approved then the medication will be covered. 3. Specialty Edit SP ; - Applies to indicated medications that are available to physicians with the appropriate specialty. Online coverage of medication at the pharmacy requires the prescription to be written by a physician specialist. The specialist does not have to submit a medical exception request for the medication. An example is Neurologists can prescribe Avonex without requesting medical exception. If it is medically necessary for a patient to be treated with a specialty edit medication, non-specialty providers can request the medication by submitting a medical exception form to PHP. If the request is approved, then the medication will be covered and vasotec. Atenolol zestril questions - problems with potassium pre-eclampsia and blood pressure weight training and hbp i know this is hard but lets give kudos to ourselves. 1. Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. In: Hebel SK, ed. Drug Facts and Comparisons, St. Louis: Facts & Comparisons, Inc., 2001. 2. Lacy C, et al. Drug Information Handbook, 9th ed. Hudson, Ohio: Lexi-Comp Inc., 2005. 3. Ciba Novartis. Lotensin package insert. Summit NJ ; : 1996 Nov. 4. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company. Capoten package insert. Princeton NJ ; : 1996 Apr. 5. Merck & Co., Inc. Vasotec package insert. Whitehouse Station NJ ; : 2000 Oct. 6. Bristol-Myers Squibb Company. Monopril package insert. Princeton NJ ; : 1995 Apr. 7. Merck & Co., Inc. Prinivil package insert. Whitehouse Station NJ ; : 2001 Feb. 8. Astra Zeneca Pharmaceuticals LP. Zestrol package insert. Wilmington DE ; : 2000 Feb. 9. Schwarz Pharma. Univasc package insert. Milwaukee WI ; : 2000 Aug. 10. Solvay Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Aceon package insert. Marietta GA ; : 1999 Oct. 11. Parke-Davis. Accupril package insert. Morris Plains NJ ; : 2001 Aug. 12. Hoechst-Marion Roussel. Altace package insert. Kansas City MO ; : 2001 July. 13. Knoll Pharmaceutical Company. Mavik package insert. Mount Olive NJ ; : 1996 Apr. 14. Clinical Pharmacology 2007. [Accessed 2007 March]. Available from: URL: : cpip.gsm . 15. Heart Failure: Management of patients with left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Clinical Practice Guideline, No. 11. Rockville, MD. U.S. Department of Health and Human services, Public Health Service, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. AHCPR Publication No. 94-0613. 16. Acanfora D, et al. Quinapril in patients with congestive heart failure: controlled trial versus captopril. J Ther 1997; May-Jun 4 5 6 ; : 181-8. 17. Morisco C, et al. Lisinopril in the treatment of congestive heart failure in elderly patients: comparison versus captopril. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. Mar 1997; 11 1 ; : 63-69. 18. SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fractions and congestive heart failure. New Eng J Med 1991; 325: 293-302. Colfer HT, Ribner HS, Gradman A, et al. Effects on once-daily benazepril therapy on exercise tolerance and manifestations of chronic congestive heart failure. J Cardio 1992; 70: 354-358. CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. New Eng J Med 1987; 316: 1429-1435. Cohn JN, Johnson G, Ziesche S, et al. A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in the treatment of chronic congestive heart failure V-HeFT II ; . New Eng J Med 1991; 325 5 ; : 303-310. 22. Gavazzi A, Marioni R. Comparative trial of quinapril versus captopril in mild to moderate congestive heart failure. J Hypertens 1994; 12 S4 ; : S89-S93. 23. Pflugfelder PW, Baird mg, Tonkon MJ, et al. Clinical consequences of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor withdrawal in chronic heart failure: A and lisinopril.
2.6.5 Boosting Algorithms Boosting algorithms in machine learning are based on the idea of combining several simple classifiers such as a single node decision tree, also known as a decision stump ; to form one classifier.
Ready for a little a glamour with your education? Sheryl Lee Ralph--of Dreamgirls, Moesha and Sister Act II fame--will open the exhibit hall on Sunday evening and deliver the keynote address on Monday morning. Sheryl Lee is more than just a gorgeous, multitalented celebrity. She also is an activist and motivation speaker who in 1990 established the Diva Foundation to create awareness of and combat against HIV AIDS. That will be the focus of her talk on Monday. On Sunday, however, she promises to thrill the audience with a song. You don't want to miss it and vytorin.
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Fig. 2. Spontaneous oral activity in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats after HAL withdrawal. Oral activity was observed as in figure 1. Every 1 or 2 weeks a neurochemical agonist or antagonist was administered acutely, in an attempt to attenuate oral activity not shown ; . The number of spontaneous oral movements remained elevated to the same extent as that observed before withdrawal of HAL. Each point represents the mean number of oral movements of 6 to rats.
Sample size reduction by up to 81% 95% CI 76 - 85% ; without loss of power. 2, 591 patients were randomised from 125 centres. Data quality overall was excellent. Mean age was 70 12 years, 53% were male, 17% were diabetic, 19% had atrial fibrillation, 18% had previous stroke, 33% had lacunar versus 65% with cortical patterns 27% total and 38% partial anterior circulation syndromes ; . Monitoring and review led to exclusion of 148 patients from centres with unacceptable numbers of protocol violations in which there were in addition markedly outlying baseline and outcome data, with virtually no outcome events. IMAGES final recruitment was on target based on number treated 6h after onset 900 ; and number of endpoints 38% BI 60 at day 90 ; . Final follow-up was completed in July 2003. Full baseline data will be presented and mexitil.
Men, Women, and Prostate Cancer: A Medical and Psychological Guide for Women and the Men They Love" By: Barbara Rubin Wainrib, Ed.D., Sandra Haber, Ph.D., with Jack Maguire. Publisher: New Harbinger Publications, Inc. ISBN: 1572241829 "The Patient's Guide to Prostate Cancer : An Expert's Successful Treatment Strategies and Options" By: Marc B. Garnick, MD Publisher: Plume ISBN: 0452274559.
Lisinopril is the generic name and prinivil and zestril are brand names and norvasc. 1. Which of the following is not a subcategory of GERD? a. Reflux esophagitis c. Barrett's metaplasia b. Erosive esophagitis d. Esophageal dysplasia 2. The most important goal of treatment for GERD is to: a. Improve gastric emptying b. Relieve GERD symptoms c. Save money d. Avoid endoscopy 3. The most common pulmonary manifestation of gastroesophageal reflux disease GERD ; is: a. Bronchitis c. Chronic asthma b. Apnea d. Aspiration pneumonia 4. How many patients with noncardiac chest pain are estimated to have GERD symptoms? a. None d. One-half b. One-tenth e. All c. One-fourth 5. What is the most effective family of drugs in relieving the symptoms of GERD and healing esophagitis resulting from GERD? a. Prokinetic agents b. Histamine-2 antagonists c. Antacids d. Proton pump inhibitors 6. What is the prevalence of GERD in the United States? a. 2%-5% c. 26%-42% b. 10%-15% d. 30%-60% 7. Which of the following medications is not associated with increased GERD symptoms? a. Lisinopril Prinivil, Zestril ; b. Terazosine Hytrin ; c. Potassium supplements d. Diazepam Valium ; 8. Which of the following foods do not often exacerbate GERD symptoms? a. Peppermint d. Alcohol b. Bananas e. All c. Spicy foods 9. Which of the following PPIs has the greatest potential to cause drug interactions? a. Esomeprazole c. Omeprazole b. Lansoprazole d. Pantoprazole 10. Step-up therapy for GERD refers to: a. Beginning therapy with the most effective drugs b. Beginning therapy with the least expensive, most accessible option and stepping up to more effective medication if relief of symptoms is not achieved c. Giving multiple drug therapy simultaneously d. Using higher than usual recommended doses for initial treatment 11. Which of the following is not true for lansoprazole administration? a. It can be effectively administered if the capsule is opened and mixed with applesauce for patients with swallowing disorders. b. It can be opened and mixed with Ensure. c. The granules can be administered via NG or PEG tubes if mixed with apple juice. d. No commercial suspension of lansoprazole is available. 12. Atypical manifestations of GERD include all of the following except: a. Asthma c. Nasal polyps b. Hoarseness d. Chest pain 13. PPIs work by: a. Binding reversibly to the H + K -ATPase proton pump in the parietal cells b. Blocking the histamine-2 receptors of the gastric parietal cells c. Blocking acid irreversibly at its source in the proton pump d. Forming a floating layer on the top of the gastric contents 14. Which of the following drugs has the most affinity for the cytochrome P450 liver enzyme system? a. Ranitidine c. Famotidine b. Cimetidine d. Nizatidine 15. Which of the following is not a true statement about PPIs? a. Most common adverse effects involve the gastrointestinal and central nervous systems. b. Dosage adjustment for renal impairment is seldom necessary. c. No PPI is currently available in an injectable form. d. PPIs are generally well tolerated, with few significant differences between agents. 16. Which of the following is not an option for treatment of the patient at moderate risk for NSAID-induced gastric ulcer with osteoarthritis? a. Discontinuation of NSAID and use of an alternate pain medication b. Addition of a PPI to effective NSAID therapy c. Addition of misoprostol to NSAID therapy d. Use of salsalate e. Addition of an H2 receptor antagonist in low dose 17. Which of the following statements is not true about PPIs? a. PPIs are metabolized by CYP 2C19 and 3A4. b. Caution is warranted in those with hepatic impairment. c. PPIs may be useful in preventing and treating GI toxicity caused by NSAIDs. d. PPIs are effective in healing symptoms of GERD but not healing ulcerations. 18. Which statement regarding chest pain as a presentation of GERD is correct? a. It is important to exclude cardiac disease prior to treating for reflux. Source: : hiv-druginteractions January 2002 update ; . Adapted and reprinted with permission of the Liverpool hiv Pharmacology Group. Interactions shown are based on preliminary data presented at scientific congresses and final reports published in peer-reviewed medical journals. This and other drug-interaction tables on the Liverpool hiv Pharmacology Web site are continuously updated and are accompanied by data summaries for each possible interaction. Readers of this article are urged to consult the Liverpool hiv Pharmacology Group for the most recent updates and norpace and Cheap zestril.
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Front page business business → main finance small business up entertainment entertainment → main tv music film indie film celebrity gaming up lifestyle lifestyle → main autos family green travel up politics sports sports → main baseball football olympics up technology technology → main gadgets it up blogs photos videos blogger central blogger central → main top 100 blogs popular ping widgets watchlists weblog developers up blogs family sees signs of hope from boys dexamethasone view larger thumbnail no authority yet favorite it rank: 4, 542, 464 family sees signs of hope from boys dexamethasone site view all » latest posts would only cost making you think you are zestril medication for hypertension site on vatican, obama plans talk on race. Acknowledgements: This report was based on a thesis by the second author in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Psychology at Massey University. The authors are grateful to the Northland Health patients and clinicians who made the study possible. Correspondence: Dr Dave Clarke, School of Psychology, Massey University, Albany Campus, Private Bag 102 904, North Shore Mail Centre, North Auckland. Fax: 09 ; 441 8157; email: d.clarke massey.ac.nz. References.
Out of the forty-seven NTFPs regularly collected in the Bihar sample villages in 1997-8, some came from different plant parts of the same species and several were used for more than one purpose. Broadly speaking, twenty five NTFPs were used for food including cattle food ; , two were used to make liquor, six were used for household products, five were used for oil, seven were used for medicinal purposes and two were used primarily for commercial purposes Table 5.6 ; . When these forty seven NTFPs are ranked according to the percentage of all sample households in Ranchi and West Singhbhum District collecting them, it can be seen that twelve were collected by over forty percent of households and a further eight were collected by almost twenty percent of households. The remaining twenty seven NTFPs were all found in less than half of the sample villages and were collected by less than twenty percent of the sample households.
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